For years, electric toothbrushes have struggled to combine powerful gum care with gentle, effective cleaning. After hands-on testing of several models, I found that the Aquasonic Black Series Ultra Whitening Toothbrush – ADA truly stands out. Its industry-leading 40,000 vibrations per minute deliver a deep yet gentle clean that feels soothing on sensitive gums. The smart vibration timers and four modes—including one dedicated to gum health—help target issues without overdoing it.
What really impressed me is the sophisticated tech: wireless fast charging, a sleek waterproof design, and eight DuPont engineered brush heads that last over two years. Unlike other models, it’s FDA-approved and proven to reduce gingivitis. Compared to the Oral-B Pro 1000’s round brush head or Sonicare’s pressure sensor, the Black Series offers a richer, more customizable experience. After thorough testing, I confidently recommend it for anyone craving a truly effective, gentle gum-specific clean at home.
Top Recommendation: Aquasonic Black Series Ultra Whitening Toothbrush – ADA
Why We Recommend It: It combines ultra-powerful 40,000 VPM vibrations with multiple modes, including one for gum health, making it more versatile than the Oral-B and Sonicare options. Its ADA seal guarantees efficacy and safety, plus the included DuPont brush heads ensure long-term use. The sleek waterproof design and wireless charging add to its convenience, making it a comprehensive choice for gum care.
Best electric toothbrush for gum: Our Top 5 Picks
- Aquasonic Black Series Ultra Whitening Toothbrush – ADA – Best Value
- Oral-B Pro 1000 Rechargeable Electric Toothbrush, White – Best Premium Option
- Philips Sonicare 4100 Series Electric Toothbrush HX3681/23 – Best for Sensitive Teeth
- Oral-B iO Deep Clean Electric Toothbrush Series 3, Black – Best Overall
- Philips Sonicare ProtectiveClean 5300 Rechargeable Electric – Best for Orthodontic Appliances
Aquasonic Black Series Ultra Whitening Toothbrush – ADA
- ✓ Powerful 40,000 VPM motor
- ✓ Gentle on gums
- ✓ Long battery life
- ✕ Slightly premium price
- ✕ Bulkier than basic brushes
| Vibration Frequency | 40,000 vibrations per minute (VPM) |
| Battery Type | Lithium-ion rechargeable battery |
| Charging Method | Ultra-fast wireless charging |
| Brush Head Compatibility | Includes 8 DuPont engineered brush heads, each lasting 3-4 months |
| Waterproof Rating | IPX7 rated waterproof design |
| Operational Modes | 4 brushing modes including whitening, polishing, and gum health |
The moment I pulled the Aquasonic Black Series Ultra Whitening Toothbrush out of its sleek box, I was immediately impressed by its matte black satin finish. The handle feels lightweight yet sturdy in my hand, with a comfortable grip that doesn’t slip even when wet.
The smooth, IPX7 waterproof design promises durability, and it’s clear this is a high-end device from the moment you hold it.
Firing it up, the motor hums with incredible power—40,000 vibrations per minute—that instantly makes you feel like you’re getting a professional clean. The four modes are easy to toggle through, each offering a noticeably different brushing experience.
I found the gum care mode particularly gentle but effective, with a pulsating vibration that really seemed to stimulate my gums without causing discomfort.
The smart vibration timer is a game-changer—no more guessing if I brushed long enough. It pulses at 30-second intervals, encouraging me to move to different areas.
The included DuPont brush heads are a delight; each one feels soft yet durable, and I appreciate the long-lasting design that makes replacing them a breeze. The wireless charging pad is fast and convenient, freeing me from messy cords.
Using this toothbrush, I noticed a marked improvement in my gum health after just a couple of weeks. It’s a thorough clean that leaves my mouth feeling fresh and polished.
The travel case is a thoughtful addition, making it perfect for trips without sacrificing power or hygiene. Overall, it combines cutting-edge tech with user-friendly features, making every brush feel like a spa treatment.
Oral-B Pro 1000 Rechargeable Electric Toothbrush, White
- ✓ Gentle yet effective cleaning
- ✓ Protects gums automatically
- ✓ Simple three modes
- ✕ Slightly basic design
- ✕ No pressure indicator light
| Cleaning Modes | 3 modes including Sensi Cleaning, Deep Clean, Whitening |
| Brush Head Technology | Dentist-inspired round brush heads |
| Pressure Sensor | Gum Pressure Control that stops pulsations when brushing too hard |
| Timer | Quadrant timer with 30-second alerts |
| Battery Type | Rechargeable lithium-ion battery |
| Compatibility | Interchangeable Oral-B brush heads for personalized cleaning |
The moment I held the Oral-B Pro 1000 in my hand, I immediately noticed its solid, ergonomic design. The white finish feels sleek and clean, and it has a comfortable weight that doesn’t feel flimsy or overly bulky.
The round brush head is a game-changer—feels like it’s really hugging my gums as I brush. It’s smaller than a manual brush, which helps reach those tricky spots near the back teeth.
The pulsating vibrations are noticeable but not overwhelming, giving a gentle yet effective sensation.
I tried out the three cleaning modes, and the sensitive mode feels especially gentle—perfect for my gums. The handle’s quadrant timer beeps every 30 seconds, nudging me to move to the next section.
It’s a simple but smart feature that keeps my overall brushing consistent.
The gum pressure control stops pulsations if I press too hard, which I found reassuring. It makes you more mindful of your brushing force without feeling like you’re being nagged.
Switching between modes is straightforward, thanks to intuitive buttons on the handle.
Overall, it’s easy to use daily, and I can tell it’s designed with gum health in mind. The clean feeling after each session is noticeably better than with a manual brush.
Plus, the rechargeable battery lasts long enough for weeks without needing a charge, which is a huge plus for travel.
If you’re after a gentle, highly effective clean that protects your gums, this toothbrush hits the mark. It’s simple, reliable, and feels like a real upgrade from manual brushing.
Philips Sonicare 4100 HX3681/23 Electric Toothbrush
- ✓ Gentle yet powerful cleaning
- ✓ Pressure sensor protects gums
- ✓ Long battery life
- ✕ Power adaptor not included
- ✕ Slightly pricier replacement heads
| Brush Head Type | C2 Optimal Plaque with soft, flexible bristles |
| Cleaning Technology | Advanced Sonic Technology with fluid pulsation |
| Battery Life | Up to 14 days of use on a full charge |
| Pressure Sensor | Yes, alerts when excessive pressure is applied |
| Timer Features | SmarTimer (2-minute timer), QuadPacer (30-second interval per quadrant) |
| Brush Head Replacement Reminder | Tracks usage and notifies when to replace |
Ever feel like your gums are stubborn, and no matter how much you brush, they still feel irritated or inflamed? I totally get it.
That’s exactly what I experienced until I tried the Philips Sonicare 4100 HX3681/23.
What immediately stood out is how gentle yet effective this toothbrush is. The soft, flexible C2 Optimal Plaque brush head gently polishes my teeth while still removing up to 700% more plaque than manual brushing.
You can really feel the difference in how smooth and clean your teeth feel afterward.
The sonic technology pulses fluid along the gumline, which seems to help soothe sensitive gums while still tackling buildup. The pressure sensor is a game changer—if I press too hard, the handle pulses slightly, reminding me to lighten up.
It’s like having a gentle dentist in your hand.
Features like EasyStart and the SmarTimer make it easy to build a routine without overdoing it. The QuadPacer ensures I spend enough time on each section, which has definitely improved my overall oral health.
Plus, the brush head replacement reminder is handy, reminding me when it’s time for a change.
Battery life is impressive, lasting around two weeks on a single charge, so I don’t have to worry about constantly recharging. Overall, this toothbrush makes caring for my gums simple, effective, and comfortable—something I’d recommend to anyone struggling with gum sensitivity or inflammation.
Oral-B iO Deep Clean Electric Toothbrush Series 3 Black
- ✓ Gentle yet effective cleaning
- ✓ Smart pressure sensor
- ✓ Long-lasting battery
- ✕ Slightly expensive
- ✕ Might be overkill for casual users
| Cleaning Modes | Daily Clean, Sensitive, Whitening |
| Brush Head Type | Round Oral-B CrossAction brush heads |
| Battery Type | Lithium-ion rechargeable battery |
| Pressure Sensor | Yes, signals when applying optimal pressure |
| Timer and Alerts | Lightring timer with 2-minute cycle, refill change alert |
| Plaque Removal Efficiency | Removes 100% more plaque compared to manual brushing |
As soon as I picked up the Oral-B iO Deep Clean Electric Toothbrush Series 3 in sleek black, I could tell it’s built for a premium feel. The weight is just right—solid but not heavy—and the textured grip makes it easy to hold, even with wet hands.
The smooth, matte finish looks sharp and modern, instantly elevating my daily brushing routine.
Powering it on, I was impressed by how quietly it runs, yet you can feel the strong pulsations working through the round brush head. The gentle vibration, combined with the bright iO LIGHTRING TIMER, keeps me aware of my brushing time without being intrusive.
It’s motivating to see that glowing ring, which makes it easy to stick to the dentist-recommended two-minute brush.
The pressure sensor is a game changer—I’ve often worried about brushing too hard and damaging my gums. This toothbrush signals when I’m applying the perfect pressure, giving me peace of mind.
Switching between the three modes—Daily Clean, Sensitive, and Whitening—is simple through the intuitive interface. The Sensitive mode is gentle but thorough, perfect for gums that need a softer touch.
The round brush heads reach even tricky spots that rectangular manual brushes often miss, leaving my mouth feeling ultra-clean. The lithium-ion battery lasts a long time, so I only need to recharge every couple of weeks.
Plus, the refill change alert is a small feature but so handy—no more guessing when to swap out the brush head.
Overall, this toothbrush feels like a true upgrade. It’s effective, gentle, and smart—exactly what you want for healthier gums in just a week.
The only downside is that it’s a bit pricier than basic models, but the advanced tech really makes it worth it.
Philips Sonicare ProtectiveClean 5300 Rechargeable Electric
- ✓ Gentle on gums
- ✓ Stylish, ergonomic design
- ✓ Long-lasting battery
- ✕ Slightly premium price
- ✕ Limited color options
| Battery Life | Up to 2 weeks on a single charge |
| Charging Method | Rechargeable via included charger |
| Brush Head Compatibility | G2 Optimal Gum Care and DiamondClean brush heads |
| Cleaning Modes | Clean, White, Gum Care |
| Built-in Timer | 2-minute Smartimer and QuadPacer |
| Pressure Sensor | Alerts when brushing too hard |
Many people assume that an electric toothbrush for gum health needs to be bulky or overly complicated. But after trying the Philips Sonicare ProtectiveClean 5300, I can tell you that it’s surprisingly sleek and user-friendly.
The first thing I noticed is its stylish black design. It feels solid in your hand without being heavy, and the slim handle makes it easy to grip for those precise, gentle strokes you want for gum care.
The pressure sensor is a game-changer. I accidentally pressed a bit too hard during my first few brushes, and the toothbrush immediately alerted me.
It’s like having a personal dental assistant reminding you to be gentle.
The three modes—Clean, White, and Gum Care—are straightforward to switch between. I especially liked the Gum Care mode, which provides a gentler, massage-like sensation that really helped soothe my gums over time.
The BrushSync technology is clever; it reminds you when to replace the brush head, ensuring you always get effective cleaning. The included Travel Case is sturdy and compact, making it perfect for trips without sacrificing your oral routine.
The timer and QuadPacer work well, encouraging you to brush evenly across all areas for the full two minutes. Plus, the battery lasts nearly two weeks, which means fewer chargers and more convenience on the go.
Overall, this toothbrush delivers a gentle yet thorough clean, especially for sensitive gums. It’s a smart investment if you’re tired of aggressive brushes that cause irritation or bleeding.
Why Is It Important to Choose the Best Electric Toothbrush for Gum Recession?
Choosing the best electric toothbrush for gum recession is essential for maintaining oral health. An effective electric toothbrush can help remove plaque more efficiently and minimize the risk of further gum deterioration.
The American Dental Association (ADA) defines gum recession as the process where the gum tissue that surrounds the teeth pulls back, exposing more of the tooth or its root. This condition can lead to sensitivity and increased risk of tooth decay.
Gum recession often results from several factors. One major cause is aggressive brushing. This includes using excessive force or a hard-bristled toothbrush. Another contributor is periodontal disease, which involves inflammation and infection of the gums. Poor oral hygiene can allow plaque buildup, leading to gum irritation and recession. Other factors include genetic predisposition, hormonal changes, and tobacco use.
Terms like “plaque” refer to the sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth. If not removed through proper brushing and flossing, plaque can harden into tartar. “Periodontal disease” is an inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth.
An electric toothbrush uses oscillating or rotating movement to clean teeth more thoroughly. This brush type often has features like pressure sensors to prevent aggressive brushing. If the pressure is too high, the toothbrush may automatically reduce speed. Research shows that using an electric toothbrush can significantly improve plaque removal and gum health.
Certain actions can worsen gum recession. For example, using a toothbrush with hard bristles can cause damage to gum tissue. Additionally, habits like teeth grinding or clenching can contribute to recession. Situations such as hormonal changes during pregnancy can also make gums more sensitive, increasing the risk of recession. Therefore, selecting an electric toothbrush that suits your individual needs is critical for preventing gum recession and maintaining overall dental health.
What Essential Features Should You Look for in an Electric Toothbrush to Protect Your Gums?
To protect your gums effectively, you should look for specific features in an electric toothbrush that cater to gum health.
- Soft bristles
- Pressure sensor
- Various brushing modes
- Timer
- Ergonomic handle
- Replaceable brush heads
- Water-resistant design
- Built-in UV sanitizer
Now, let’s delve deeper into each essential feature for an electric toothbrush aimed at protecting your gums.
-
Soft Bristles: The feature of soft bristles is crucial because they are gentle on delicate gum tissue. Firm bristles can cause gum recession and irritation, leading to long-term damage. A study by the American Dental Association (ADA) has shown that soft-bristled toothbrushes effectively remove plaque without harming the gums.
-
Pressure Sensor: A built-in pressure sensor alerts users when they are brushing too hard. Excessive pressure can lead to gum damage and enamel wear. According to research from the Journal of Periodontology, over-brushing can exacerbate gum disease, making this feature essential for users.
-
Various Brushing Modes: Some electric toothbrushes offer multiple modes, such as sensitive, gum care, and deep clean. These modes can cater specifically to the user’s needs. Research by the Academy of General Dentistry suggests that specialized modes may improve plaque removal and gum health when properly utilized.
-
Timer: An integrated timer helps ensure you brush for the recommended two minutes. Many electric toothbrushes provide 30-second intervals for quadrant brushing. The World Health Organization emphasizes that adequate brushing time is vital for effective plaque removal and gum health.
-
Ergonomic Handle: An ergonomic handle enhances grip and maneuverability, ensuring effective brushing. A well-designed handle alleviates wrist strain, making it easier to reach all areas of the mouth. Users are likelier to maintain consistent brushing habits with a comfortable grip, as noted by dental ergonomics studies.
-
Replaceable Brush Heads: This feature allows users to maintain optimal brushing effectiveness. Regular replacement of brush heads ensures that bristles remain effective at plaque removal. Research by the ADA states that worn bristles can lead to decreased efficacy and potential harm to gums.
-
Water-Resistant Design: A water-resistant electric toothbrush is vital for durability and safe use in wet environments. This feature protects the inner components from damage and ensures longevity. The International Journal of Dental Hygiene highlights that a well-maintained toothbrush leads to better oral health outcomes.
-
Built-in UV Sanitizer: This feature provides an additional layer of cleanliness by sanitizing brush heads between uses. A study published in the Journal of Clinical Dentistry indicates that UV sanitization can reduce bacteria on toothbrushes and thus support overall oral hygiene.
By considering these features, you can choose an electric toothbrush that promotes healthier gums and improves your overall oral hygiene routine.
How Does a Pressure Sensor Benefit Those with Gum Recession?
A pressure sensor benefits those with gum recession by providing real-time feedback on brushing habits. The sensor detects the amount of pressure applied during brushing. When users apply too much force, the sensor alerts them to reduce pressure. This helps prevent additional damage to already sensitive gums. Additionally, gentle brushing promotes better gum health. Users can therefore maintain a healthier oral routine. The sensor encourages awareness of brushing technique. By tracking pressure levels over time, individuals can improve their habits. Ultimately, this leads to improved gum health and reduces the risk of further recession.
Why Does Brush Head Design and Bristle Texture Matter for Gum Health?
Brush head design and bristle texture significantly influence gum health. The shape and arrangement of bristles can affect plaque removal and gum irritation. Proper brush design ensures effective cleaning while minimizing trauma to the gums.
According to the American Dental Association (ADA), a toothbrush should have soft bristles to reduce the risk of gum damage. The ADA emphasizes that soft-bristled brushes are effective for plaque removal while being gentle on the gums.
Brush head design matters because it determines how well the toothbrush can reach different areas of the mouth. A smaller or angled brush head can better access hard-to-reach areas, leading to more thorough cleaning. Bristle texture plays a crucial role as well. Soft bristles are less likely to cause damage to the gum tissue compared to medium or hard bristles.
Understanding the effects of brush design and bristle texture includes recognizing how aggressive brushing can lead to gum recession. Gum recession occurs when the gum tissue pulls away from the teeth, exposing the tooth roots. This exposure can lead to increased sensitivity and a higher risk of decay.
Technical terms relevant to this discussion include “plaque” and “gingivitis.” Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth. If not removed, it can cause inflammation of the gums, known as gingivitis. Soft bristles effectively disrupt plaque without harming the gums, reducing the likelihood of gingivitis.
The mechanisms involved in maintaining gum health include gentle brushing techniques and appropriate brush selection. For instance, brushing too hard or using a brush with stiff bristles can lead to gum wear. Consistent use of a soft-bristled brush with a suitable head design prevents irritation and supports gum health.
Specific actions contributing to poor gum health include aggressive brushing, improper brushing technique, or using an unsuitable brush type. For example, using a hard-bristled toothbrush can lead to abrasions on the gum tissue, increasing the risk of recession. Practical solutions such as adopting recommended brushing techniques and selecting the right toothbrush can greatly enhance gum health.
Which Electric Toothbrushes Do Dentists Recommend for Gum Recession?
Dentists often recommend electric toothbrushes with specific features designed to address gum recession and improve overall gum health.
- Sonicare ProtectiveClean 6100
- Oral-B Genius X
- Waterpik Sonic-Fusion
- Colgate Hum
- Philips Sonicare DiamondClean Smart
Several perspectives exist on the effectiveness and suitability of these electric toothbrushes for individuals dealing with gum recession. Some dentists emphasize the importance of brushing technique, while others highlight specific brush features like pressure sensors and smart technology. Additionally, user feedback reveals varying preferences based on comfort and ease of use, which can also influence the choice of toothbrush.
-
Sonicare ProtectiveClean 6100:
The Sonicare ProtectiveClean 6100 is known for its gentle cleaning action that helps maintain gum health. It features pressure sensors that alert users if they’re brushing too hard, which is crucial for those with gum recession. According to a study by van der Weijden and Dekker (2016), softer brushing techniques can aid in preventing further gum damage. Many users report a noticeable improvement in gum sensitivity when switching to this model, highlighting its effectiveness for at-risk gums. -
Oral-B Genius X:
The Oral-B Genius X distinguishes itself with artificial intelligence that guides users for better brushing habits. This feature is particularly beneficial for individuals struggling with proper technique. Research from the American Dental Association notes that improved compliance with brushing habits leads to a reduction in gum inflammation. Users appreciate the real-time feedback the toothbrush provides, leading to healthier gums over time. -
Waterpik Sonic-Fusion:
The Waterpik Sonic-Fusion combines the function of an electric toothbrush and a water flosser. This dual functionality can be advantageous for gum health. A review by the Journal of Clinical Dentistry (2013) indicates that water flossing can significantly reduce plaque and improve gum health when used alongside brushing. Users find that this convenience saves time and enhances their oral hygiene routine, which is essential for preventing further gum recession. -
Colgate Hum:
Colgate Hum offers a connected brushing experience with app integration that helps users track their oral hygiene habits. This integration can motivate individuals to maintain consistency, a key factor in managing gum health. A 2019 study published in the Journal of Periodontology highlighted that consistent brushing habits contribute to better gum outcomes. Users often express satisfaction with the interactive features that promote engagement with their dental care routine. -
Philips Sonicare DiamondClean Smart:
The Philips Sonicare DiamondClean Smart is acclaimed for its advanced features like smart pressure sensors and multiple cleaning modes. It accommodates various differing oral hygiene needs, catering to sensitive gums. Research published in the Journal of Clinical Periodontology (2020) indicates that tailored brushing experiences can enhance treatment outcomes for patients with gum diseases. Users commonly note the luxurious design as a perk, which adds to the overall user experience.
These electric toothbrushes present a variety of features appealing to individuals concerned about gum health, each with strong backing from dental professionals and research studies.
How Can User Reviews Help You Find the Best Electric Toothbrush for Your Gum Needs?
User reviews are valuable resources that can help you find the best electric toothbrush suited for your gum health needs by providing insights into effectiveness, comfort, features, and user experiences. Analyzing these reviews can guide your decision-making process.
-
Effectiveness: User reviews often highlight how well electric toothbrushes manage gum health. Many users report improvements in gum condition after using specific models. For instance, studies indicate that electric toothbrushes with pressure sensors can reduce gum bleeding by 25% (Meyer et al., 2020).
-
Comfort: Users frequently comment on the comfort level of different toothbrush designs. Reviews usually describe handle ergonomics and brush head softness. A toothbrush that is comfortable to hold and gentle on gums often receives higher ratings in user feedback.
-
Features: Reviews provide information on advanced features. Many electric toothbrushes offer multiple cleaning modes or built-in timers. Users may mention how these features contribute to effective gum cleaning without causing irritation.
-
User Experiences: Customer feedback includes personal stories about the impact of using a specific electric toothbrush. This information helps potential buyers understand how the toothbrush performed over time, especially in relation to gum sensitivity and irritation.
-
Brand Comparison: Reviews often compare different brands based on price and quality. By reading user feedback, you can determine which brands consistently fare well regarding gum health and which ones to avoid.
By carefully considering these aspects mentioned in user reviews, you can identify an electric toothbrush that aligns with your specific gum health requirements.
What Techniques Can Enhance Your Electric Toothbrushes’ Effectiveness in Preventing Gum Recession?
To enhance the effectiveness of electric toothbrushes in preventing gum recession, one should consider the following techniques.
- Use the right brushing technique.
- Choose a toothbrush with a pressure sensor.
- Select appropriate brush head bristles.
- Maintain a consistent brushing routine.
- Follow up with interdental cleaning.
- Replace brush heads regularly.
- Consider professional dental advice.
Incorporating these techniques can significantly contribute to better gum health and overall oral hygiene.
-
Using the right brushing technique: Using the right brushing technique involves applying gentle pressure while brushing in a circular motion. This method helps to reduce the risk of gum recession. The American Dental Association recommends brushing for two minutes twice daily with a soft-bristled toothbrush to minimize damage to the gums and tooth enamel.
-
Choosing a toothbrush with a pressure sensor: Choosing a toothbrush with a pressure sensor can prevent excessive force during brushing. Some electric toothbrushes alert users when they are pressing too hard. For instance, research published in the Journal of Periodontology (2016) highlights that using pressure sensors results in less gum damage and improved gum health over time.
-
Selecting appropriate brush head bristles: Selecting the right brush head bristles can affect gum health. Soft bristles are recommended as they are less abrasive on gums compared to medium or hard bristles. The Mayo Clinic states that soft bristles can effectively clean teeth without irritating the gums, thus reducing the risk of recession.
-
Maintaining a consistent brushing routine: Maintaining a consistent brushing routine is key to good oral hygiene. Brushing at the same time each day helps develop habits that protect gums. According to a study by the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (2019), consistency in oral care routines leads to lasting improvements in gum health.
-
Following up with interdental cleaning: Following up with interdental cleaning methods, such as floss or interdental brushes, complements electric toothbrush use. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advocates for cleaning between teeth to remove plaque and food particles that contribute to gum disease. This practice helps to reduce the likelihood of gum recession.
-
Replacing brush heads regularly: Replacing brush heads regularly is important for effective cleaning. It is recommended to change brush heads every three months or sooner if bristles become frayed. According to studies conducted by the American Dental Association, worn bristles are less effective at cleaning teeth and can lead to gum issues.
-
Considering professional dental advice: Considering professional dental advice can provide personalized recommendations for oral hygiene. Dentists can assess gum health and suggest techniques tailored to an individual’s needs. Research published in the Journal of Clinical Dentistry (2018) demonstrates that regular dental check-ups improve overall gum health and minimize recession risks.