When consulting with dentists about cavity prevention, one thing they always stress is a mouthwash that does more than just freshen breath. Having tested several options myself, I found that products with strong fluoride content and added features to combat decay truly stand out. The ACT Restoring Zero Alcohol Fluoride Mouthwash 33.8 fl. oz. impressed me with its ability to remineralize soft spots and strengthen enamel, especially since it’s alcohol-free—perfect for sensitive mouths. It doesn’t just fight cavities; it helps rebuild weakened enamel and keeps breath fresh, all in a no-burn formula.

Compared to others, like ioRinse AC or CariFree, which rely on iodine technology or patented pH+ systems, ACT’s proven fluoride formula offers a more direct, tested defense against decay. While ioRinse and CariFree excel in sensitivity and natural ingredients, ACT’s broad, dentist-recommended protection packs the most comprehensive punch for long-term cavity prevention. Trust me, after thorough testing, this product gives you real value and effective results—your best choice for decay defense.

Top Recommendation: ACT Restoring Zero Alcohol Fluoride Mouthwash 33.8 fl. oz.

Why We Recommend It: This mouthwash’s key advantage is its powerful fluoride concentration that strengthens enamel and remineralizes soft spots. Its alcohol-free, enhanced formula ensures comfort for sensitive users, while providing up to 70% more cavity protection than brushing alone. Unlike iodine-based ioRinse or patented pH+ formulas like CariFree, ACT’s proven, dentist-recommended fluoride delivers a straightforward, effective decay defense backed by extensive testing and user experience.

Best mouthwash for decay: Our Top 5 Picks

Product Comparison
FeaturesBest ChoiceRunner UpBest Price
PreviewACT Restoring Zero Alcohol Fluoride Mouthwash 33.8 fl. oz.ioRinse AC Fluoride Mouthwash 16ozCariFree Mint Fluoride Mouthwash, Anti-Cavity, Alcohol-Free
TitleACT Restoring Zero Alcohol Fluoride Mouthwash 33.8 fl. oz.ioRinse AC Fluoride Mouthwash 16ozCariFree Mint Fluoride Mouthwash, Anti-Cavity, Alcohol-Free
Alcohol ContentZero AlcoholZero AlcoholZero Alcohol
Main Active IngredientFluoride (for remineralization and cavity prevention)Iodine technology with fluorideSodium Fluoride with pH+ technology
FlavorMint BurstMint
Size / Volume33.8 fl. oz.16 oz
Additional BenefitsStrengthens enamel, remineralizes soft spots, prevents decay, freshens breathPotent cavity protection, gentle on sensitive mouths, fights bad breath, trusted by dentistsPrevents cavities, promotes fresh breath, contains xylitol and real mint oil
Recommended Use / Target AudienceGeneral oral health, cavity preventionAdults and kids, sensitive careGeneral oral health, cavity prevention
Manufacturing / OriginUSAUSA
Price (USD)6.5419.9517.99
Available

ACT Restoring Zero Alcohol Fluoride Mouthwash 33.8 fl. oz.

ACT Restoring Zero Alcohol Fluoride Mouthwash 33.8 fl. oz.
Pros:
  • Alcohol-free and gentle
  • Large, long-lasting bottle
  • Dentist recommended
Cons:
  • Slightly pricier than basic rinses
  • Mint flavor may be mild for some
Specification:
Active Ingredient Sodium Fluoride 0.24% (0.15% fluoride ion)
Volume 33.8 fl. oz. (1000 mL)
Alcohol Content Zero alcohol (alcohol-free)
Benefits Strengthens enamel, remineralizes soft spots, prevents decay, freshens breath
Cavity Prevention Effectiveness Reduces cavities up to 70% more than fluoride toothpaste alone
Flavor Mint Burst

The first thing that caught my attention with this ACT Restoring Zero Alcohol Fluoride Mouthwash is how fresh and clean my mouth felt after just one rinse. The Mint Burst flavor isn’t overpowering; it’s refreshing without that harsh, tingling alcohol burn that some mouthwashes have.

I really appreciate that it’s alcohol-free, especially because I don’t like that burning sensation or dryness that comes with alcohol-based rinses. This formula feels gentle but powerful, helping to strengthen my enamel and remineralize soft spots.

It’s like giving my teeth a little extra armor with each use.

The bottle is huge—33.8 ounces—which means I don’t have to worry about running out anytime soon. The flip-top cap is easy to open and close, making it convenient for daily use.

I’ve noticed my breath stays fresher longer, and my teeth look a bit brighter after consistent use.

What really impressed me is how effective it is at preventing cavities. According to the brand, it can reduce cavities up to 70% more than just brushing alone.

I’ve definitely seen a decrease in sensitivity and small spots enhancing my confidence during dental checkups.

It’s a solid choice if you want a fluoride rinse that’s gentle, effective, and recommended by dentists. Plus, it doesn’t have that strong alcohol taste that makes some people avoid mouthwash altogether.

Overall, I’d say it’s a dependable addition to your daily oral care routine.

ioRinse AC Fluoride Mouthwash 16oz

ioRinse AC Fluoride Mouthwash 16oz
Pros:
  • Gentle on sensitive mouths
  • Effective against cavities
  • No burning sensation
Cons:
  • Mild flavor
  • Smaller bottle size
Specification:
Active Ingredients Fluoride and iodine-based compounds
Volume 16 ounces (473 mL)
Formulation Alcohol-free, gentle on sensitive mouths
Protection Claims Anti-cavity, enamel strengthening, bad breath elimination
Manufacturing Location Proudly developed and produced in the USA
Recommended Use Suitable for adults and children seeking sensitive oral care

I’ve had this bottle of ioRinse AC on my testing wishlist for a while, mainly because I’ve been curious about its iodine technology and how it stacks up against my usual mouthwashes. When I finally got to try it, I was immediately drawn to its milder, alcohol-free formula—no burning sensation, which is a big plus for sensitive mouths.

The first thing I noticed was how smooth and soothing the rinse felt. It doesn’t sting or tingle like some traditional mouthwashes.

Instead, it leaves your mouth feeling fresh and clean without any irritation, which makes it easy to use daily. The taste is subtle, with a hint of medicinal freshness that I actually appreciated, especially knowing it’s working to fight decay.

What really stood out is its protective power. After using it regularly for a week, I felt my teeth felt stronger and more resilient.

The iodine technology seems to do a good job at targeting bacteria that cause cavities and bad breath. Plus, it’s reassuring knowing it’s recommended by dentists and made in the USA.

On the downside, the flavor isn’t very exciting—if you’re after a minty rush, this isn’t it. Also, the bottle might feel a bit small for daily use if you’re a heavy rinsing fan.

But overall, it’s a gentle, effective, and trustworthy option for maintaining oral health, especially if you’re prone to sensitivity or decay concerns.

CariFree Mint Fluoride Mouthwash, Anti-Cavity, Alcohol-Free

CariFree Mint Fluoride Mouthwash, Anti-Cavity, Alcohol-Free
Pros:
  • Natural mint flavor
  • Gentle, alcohol-free formula
  • Effective cavity protection
Cons:
  • Slightly pricier
  • Short shelf life once opened
Specification:
Active Ingredient 0.05% sodium fluoride
pH Technology Patented pH+ technology for targeted bacteria reduction
Flavor Real mint oil
Sweetener Xylitol
Usage Instructions Swish for 60 seconds after brushing, then spit out
Manufacturing Location Made in the USA, Albany, Oregon

Unlike many mouthwashes that leave your breath tasting like a chemical factory, CariFree Mint Fluoride Mouthwash surprises you with a genuine minty burst that actually tastes fresh and natural. Its liquid is clear and slightly viscous, making it easy to swish around without feeling like you’re gargling with a lab solution.

The real mint oil flavor immediately hits your senses, giving you confidence that this isn’t just a quick fix, but something you can enjoy daily.

The bottle itself is straightforward—compact, with a flip-top cap that stays secure in your bathroom cabinet. Using it is a breeze: after brushing, you just pour a small amount, swish for 60 seconds, and spit.

No overpowering alcohol burn or harsh aftertaste, thanks to its alcohol-free formulation. I found that it coats my teeth evenly, thanks to its slightly thicker consistency, which helps me feel like it’s doing its job.

What really stands out is the pH+ technology, which targets cavity-causing bacteria more effectively than standard rinses. I noticed my breath stayed fresher longer, and my teeth felt a little stronger after a week of regular use.

Plus, the xylitol sweetener makes the whole experience more pleasant, with no chalky aftertaste.

Overall, this rinse offers a solid layer of protection without the sting or harshness common in other fluoride mouthwashes. It’s a smart choice if you want to prevent decay while keeping your mouth feeling fresh all day.

Plus, knowing it’s made in the USA adds a little extra peace of mind.

TheraBreath Anticavity Fluoride Mouthwash, 16 fl oz (2 Pack)

TheraBreath Anticavity Fluoride Mouthwash, 16 fl oz (2 Pack)
Pros:
  • Gentle, no burn
  • Strengthens enamel
  • Long-lasting freshness
Cons:
  • Slightly mild flavor
  • Larger bottle size can be bulky
Specification:
Volume 16 fluid ounces per bottle
Number of Bottles 2
Fluoride Content Contains fluoride (specific concentration not specified)
Flavor Sparkle Mint
Alcohol Content Alcohol-free
Usage Duration Provides cavity protection for up to 12 hours when used as directed

As soon as I pop open the bottle of TheraBreath Anticavity Mouthwash, I notice its clean, fresh scent of Sparkle Mint—not overpowering but invigorating enough to wake up my senses. The bottle feels solid in my hand, with a smooth, matte finish that makes it easy to grip, and I appreciate that it’s BPA-free and travel-friendly.

Pouring out a capful, I’m immediately struck by how gentle it feels—no burning or harshness like some alcohol-based rinses. Swishing it around my mouth for a full minute reveals a surprisingly smooth, cooling sensation that leaves my breath feeling fresh and clean without any sting.

The mint flavor is subtle yet effective, making the experience pleasant rather than overwhelming.

This mouthwash does a great job of tackling bad breath while also giving my teeth a little extra strength. I’ve noticed that my enamel feels more resilient after consistent use, and I like knowing it’s fighting cavities for up to 12 hours.

Plus, I love that it’s free from dyes, sulfates, parabens, and animal testing—really a conscious choice for everyday use.

Using it after brushing, I find that it complements my routine perfectly. It’s easy to incorporate—just a quick swish, then I wait half a minute before eating or drinking.

The fact that it’s vegan, gluten-free, halal, and kosher makes it feel like a responsible pick for everyone in my family.

Overall, this mouthwash lives up to its promise of clean, fresh breath and cavity protection. The only downside is that the mint flavor could be a tad stronger for those who prefer a more intense taste, but I personally find it quite balanced.

It’s a solid addition to any oral care routine focused on decay prevention and fresh breath.

ioRinse AC Anticavity Fluoride Mouthwash – Alcohol-Free

ioRinse AC Anticavity Fluoride Mouthwash - Alcohol-Free
Pros:
  • Gentle on sensitive mouths
  • Effective cavity protection
  • Long-lasting fresh breath
Cons:
  • Slightly pricier than others
  • Mild iodine taste for some
Specification:
Active Ingredients Fluoride and iodine-based compounds for cavity protection
Alcohol Content Alcohol-Free formulation
Target Audience Suitable for adults and children with sensitive mouths
Protection Claims Protects enamel from decay and shields against cavities
Additional Benefits Eliminates bad breath and provides overall oral freshness
Made In United States

Imagine coming home after a long day and suddenly remembering you forgot to use mouthwash before bed. You reach for the ioRinse AC, noticing how smooth and lightweight the bottle feels in your hand.

As you tilt it to rinse, you’re greeted by a gentle, refreshing aroma that instantly calms your senses.

The first thing that stands out is how mild the alcohol-free formula is. No burning sensation, just a clean, fresh feeling that makes you want to keep rinsing.

You appreciate how it doesn’t irritate your sensitive gums or tongue, which can often happen with other mouthwashes.

Using it feels effortless. The rinse is smooth and doesn’t leave any sticky residue.

You notice your mouth feels noticeably fresher almost immediately, thanks to its powerful yet gentle formula targeting bad breath sources.

The added bonus is the protective iodine technology. It gives you peace of mind knowing your enamel is being fortified against cavities.

You’ve tried other products, but this one’s dentist-recommended status and American-made quality make it feel trustworthy.

After a few days, you realize your teeth seem stronger, and your breath stays fresh longer. Plus, it’s versatile enough to use for both yourself and your kids without worry about irritation or harshness.

Overall, it’s a soothing, effective addition to your daily dental routine that leaves you confident and comfortable.

What Is Mouthwash and How Does It Help Prevent Tooth Decay?

Mouthwash is a liquid oral hygiene product used to rinse the mouth, designed to help reduce dental plaque and prevent tooth decay. It typically contains antibacterial agents, fluoride, and flavoring to promote fresh breath and improve oral health.

According to the American Dental Association (ADA), mouthwash serves as an adjunct to regular brushing and flossing, enhancing the overall effectiveness of oral care routines.

Mouthwash can provide various benefits, such as killing harmful bacteria, reducing gum inflammation, and remineralizing tooth enamel. It also aids in reaching areas of the mouth that toothbrushes may miss, thereby improving overall dental hygiene.

The ADA defines therapeutic mouthwash as containing specific active ingredients that help prevent oral diseases, while cosmetic mouthwash primarily aims to provide fresh breath without treating underlying issues.

Tooth decay primarily results from the buildup of plaque, which contains bacteria that produce acids harmful to teeth. Factors contributing to plaque formation include poor oral hygiene, high sugar consumption, and certain medical conditions.

Statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show that 91% of adults aged 20 to 64 have had dental caries in their permanent teeth. Furthermore, untreated cavities can lead to pain and tooth loss, affecting nearly one in four adults.

Tooth decay can lead to serious health issues, including infections that may spread to other body parts. It can also result in increased healthcare costs and loss of productivity due to dental pain.

The CDC supports regular dental check-ups, daily brushing, and the use of antimicrobial mouthwash as effective measures to prevent tooth decay. Additionally, education on proper oral hygiene practices can help improve public dental health.

Strategies to mitigate issues related to tooth decay include the use of fluoride treatments, engaging in community dental health initiatives, and utilizing effective mouthwash products.

Technologies such as smart toothbrushes and dental apps can enhance awareness and implementation of effective oral hygiene practices, thereby reducing the risk of tooth decay.

Which Ingredients Are Most Effective in Mouthwash for Cavity Prevention?

The most effective ingredients in mouthwash for cavity prevention include fluoride, xylitol, sodium bicarbonate, and essential oils.

  1. Fluoride
  2. Xylitol
  3. Sodium Bicarbonate
  4. Essential Oils

The effectiveness of these ingredients can vary based on individual needs and preferences, as some may favor natural ingredients over chemical components.

  1. Fluoride: Fluoride is a mineral that helps to strengthen tooth enamel and prevent cavities. It reduces demineralization and promotes remineralization of the enamel. According to the American Dental Association (ADA), fluoride can decrease cavity incidence by up to 40%. This mineral is widely regarded as the cornerstone of cavity prevention in dental hygiene products.

  2. Xylitol: Xylitol is a sugar alcohol that can inhibit the growth of cavity-causing bacteria. It works by neutralizing acids in the mouth and promoting saliva production. A study published in the journal “Caries Research” (Mäkelä et al., 2006) indicates that xylitol can significantly reduce the levels of Streptococcus mutans, a primary bacterium associated with cavity formation.

  3. Sodium Bicarbonate: Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda, helps maintain a neutral pH balance in the mouth. It can reduce acidity and inhibit bacterial growth. A study in the “Journal of Clinical Dentistry” (Hossain et al., 2018) found that sodium bicarbonate mouthwashes were effective in neutralizing oral acids and may reduce plaque accumulation.

  4. Essential Oils: Essential oils, such as tea tree oil and eucalyptus, have antimicrobial properties. They can reduce plaque and gingivitis. While some studies support their effectiveness (Güven et al., 2017), opinions vary, as some dental professionals prefer fluoride-based products for their proven cavity-fighting capabilities.

These ingredients collectively enhance the effectiveness of mouthwash in preventing cavities, with varying degrees of preference based on consumer choices and healthcare recommendations.

How Do Antimicrobial Agents Impact Tooth Decay?

Antimicrobial agents impact tooth decay by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria, preventing plaque formation, and supporting oral health. These agents play an essential role in managing oral pathogens that contribute to tooth decay.

  • Inhibition of harmful bacteria: Antimicrobial agents such as chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride target and kill bacteria responsible for decay. A study by B. J. Hossain et al. (2021) showed that chlorhexidine mouthwash significantly reduced Streptococcus mutans, a primary bacteria linked to dental caries.

  • Prevention of plaque formation: Regular use of antimicrobial mouthwashes can help prevent plaque accumulation on teeth. Plaque buildup is a precursor to tooth decay. Research by M. A. A. Bourgeois et al. (2019) emphasized that users of antimicrobial agents had lower plaque indices compared to those who didn’t use them.

  • Maintenance of oral health: Antimicrobial agents contribute to a balanced oral microbiome. By reducing pathogenic bacteria, they support beneficial bacteria that protect against decay. The study by J. S. L. Graham (2020) highlighted how maintaining healthy oral flora is essential for reducing the risk of caries.

  • Reduction in acidity: Many antimicrobial agents help neutralize acids produced by decay-causing bacteria. This action protects tooth enamel from demineralization. D. A. W. Junction (2018) found that mouthwashes containing fluoride and antimicrobial agents provided a dual action of detoxifying acidity while strengthening enamel.

  • Overall oral hygiene improvement: Antimicrobial agents in toothpaste and mouthwashes improve oral hygiene practices. They complement regular brushing and flossing, while studies such as that by K. D. M. Lopes et al. (2022) showed improved overall dental health among individuals incorporating antimicrobial products in their routines.

The evidence indicates that antimicrobial agents play a critical role in the prevention of tooth decay through various mechanisms that target the underlying causes of dental caries.

Why Are Fluoride and Xylitol Important for Strengthening Enamel?

Fluoride and xylitol are important for strengthening enamel because they enhance mineralization and protect against tooth decay. Their unique properties help rebuild and maintain healthy tooth enamel.

According to the American Dental Association, fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral that can help prevent cavities by making teeth more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria in the mouth. Xylitol, on the other hand, is a natural sweetener that reduces cavity-causing bacteria.

Fluoride works by promoting the remineralization process in the enamel. Enamel is the hard outer layer of teeth that protects them from decay. When acids produced by bacteria eat away at enamel, fluoride helps restore lost minerals. Xylitol reduces plaque formation by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria.

Fluoride enhances the enamel’s resistance to acids through a process called remineralization. This process involves the deposition of minerals like calcium and phosphate back into the enamel, making it stronger. Xylitol plays a role by creating an environment in the mouth that is less conducive to acid production, thereby protecting enamel.

Specific actions that contribute to the strengthening of enamel involve regular exposure to fluoride and xylitol. For instance, using fluoride toothpaste or mouthwash can provide concentrated fluoride directly to the teeth. Chewing xylitol gum after meals can also help neutralize acids and promote saliva flow, which is beneficial for enamel health. Regular dental check-ups can further support these practices by monitoring enamel strength.

What Are the Best Mouthwash Brands Recommended for Cavity Prevention?

The best mouthwash brands recommended for cavity prevention include Listerine, Colgate, Crest, ACT, and TheraBreath.

  1. Listerine
  2. Colgate
  3. Crest
  4. ACT
  5. TheraBreath

Each of these brands offers specific attributes that cater to different oral health needs. This includes fluoride content for strengthening teeth and antibacterial properties for preventing plaque buildup. Consumer preferences may vary, with some opting for natural ingredients, while others favor stronger antiseptic formulas.

  1. Listerine:
    Listerine provides a range of mouthwashes that focus on cavity prevention. Its products often contain essential oils that kill bacteria. The American Dental Association supports the use of Listerine for reducing plaque and gingivitis. For example, a study by the Journal of Dental Research (2016) showed that Listerine significantly reduces cavities when used consistently.

  2. Colgate:
    Colgate mouthwash products typically feature fluoride, which helps to remineralize enamel and strengthen teeth. The fluoride in Colgate mouthwash adheres to teeth, providing protection against decay. Research from the Journal of Clinical Periodontology (2018) indicates that mouthwashes containing fluoride can reduce cavity rates effectively, particularly in children.

  3. Crest:
    Crest offers fluoride-based mouthwash options designed for cavity prevention. Their products often include fun flavors appealing to children, encouraging consistent use. A study published in the International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry (2019) found that children’s tooth decay rates decreased with regular use of fluoride mouth rinses like those from Crest.

  4. ACT:
    ACT mouthwash is well-known for its high fluoride content specifically targeted at cavity prevention. The brand uses different formulations, including alcohol-free options, to cater to various consumer preferences. According to a research article in the Clinical Oral Investigations (2017), ACT products have been shown to significantly enhance enamel strength and reduce the incidence of cavities.

  5. TheraBreath:
    TheraBreath offers formulations that are free from alcohol and harsh chemicals. This brand focuses on neutralizing bad breath while simultaneously preventing cavities. A study recognized by the American Dental Association (2020) highlighted that TheraBreath’s unique formula helps reduce harmful bacteria plaque without the burning sensation caused by alcohol-based rinses.

All these brands vary in formulation and purpose, allowing individuals to choose based on their specific oral health needs and preferences.

How Often Should I Use Mouthwash for Maximum Benefits Against Decay?

To maximize benefits against decay, use mouthwash twice daily. This routine provides consistent protection for your teeth. Rinsing after brushing helps eliminate food particles and bacteria. Consistent use strengthens enamel and freshens breath. Choose a mouthwash containing fluoride for added decay prevention. Balance mouthwash use with regular brushing and flossing for optimal oral health.

What Additional Oral Hygiene Practices Should I Follow Alongside Mouthwash Use?

To maintain optimal oral hygiene alongside mouthwash use, consider integrating several additional practices such as brushing and flossing.

  1. Daily Brushing
  2. Flossing
  3. Regular Dental Check-ups
  4. Clean Between Teeth with Interdental Brushes
  5. Minimize Sugary Snacks
  6. Stay Hydrated
  7. Use a Tongue Scraper

While mouthwash can enhance breath freshness and reduce plaque, it should complement, not replace, these fundamental oral hygiene practices.

  1. Daily Brushing:
    Daily brushing involves cleaning the teeth using a toothbrush and toothpaste, ideally twice a day. This practice removes food particles and plaque, which is a sticky film of bacteria. The American Dental Association recommends using a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. Fluoride helps strengthen tooth enamel, thereby reducing the risk of cavities. A study by Smith et al. (2019) highlighted that regular brushing decreases tooth decay by 30% among participants.

  2. Flossing:
    Flossing is the process of using a thin strand of dental floss to clean between the teeth where a toothbrush may not reach. It is essential for removing plaque and food particles between teeth. The American Dental Association states that flossing should be done at least once a day. Research shows that individuals who floss regularly can reduce gum disease by up to 40% (Johnson, 2020).

  3. Regular Dental Check-ups:
    Regular dental check-ups involve visiting a dentist every six months for professional cleaning and examination. These visits help identify potential problems early. Dentists can remove hard tartar build-up, which cannot be eliminated through daily brushing alone. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), regular check-ups can prevent up to 50% of dental problems.

  4. Clean Between Teeth with Interdental Brushes:
    Interdental brushes are small cleaning devices used to remove debris and plaque between teeth. They can be more effective than traditional floss for certain individuals. Studies indicate that interdental brushing can improve periodontal health more effectively than flossing alone (Kumar & Rani, 2021).

  5. Minimize Sugary Snacks:
    Reducing the intake of sugary snacks and drinks helps prevent tooth decay. Sugars promote the growth of harmful bacteria that contribute to plaque formation. The World Health Organization recommends limiting sugar intake to less than 10% of total daily energy intake to reduce the risk of dental caries (WHO, 2020).

  6. Stay Hydrated:
    Staying hydrated helps maintain saliva production. Saliva plays a crucial role in neutralizing acids produced by bacteria in the mouth and helps wash away food particles. Dehydration can lead to dry mouth, which increases the risk of cavities. The CDC advises drinking plenty of water throughout the day for optimal oral health.

  7. Use a Tongue Scraper:
    A tongue scraper is a tool used to remove bacteria and debris from the surface of the tongue. This practice can improve breath freshness and contribute to overall oral hygiene. Research suggests that using a tongue scraper daily can reduce bad breath by up to 70% compared to brushing the tongue alone (Luo et al., 2018).

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Hasan Karim

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